![]() ![]() , 2004) Klf4 acts as an inhibitor of c-Myc-induced apoptosis through the repression of p53 (Zindy et al. Klf4 Klf4 repress p53 directly p53 protein suppress Nanog during ES cell differentiation Klf4 contributes to activation of Nanog and other ES cell-specific genes (Rowland et al. Sox2: Essential for embryonic development Downregulation by siRNA silencing leads to the differentiation of cell in murine ES cells. Overexpression leads to the formation of various lineages including primitive endoderm. Repression in ES cells leads to the formation of trophoectoderm. Oct3/4: Involve in the maintenance of self renewal of pluripotent cells. Genes responsible for pluripotency Group 1 ES cell-Specific transcription factors Essential for pluripotency in ES cell & early embryos Oct¾, Sox2, Nanog… Group 2 (Proto-oncogene's) Important for proliferation of ES cells, but not in early embryos TCL1, Stat3, c-Myc, ERas, Klf4… Group 3 Less famous Specifically expressed in ES cell But less defined function ECAT1, Esg1,Fbx15, … (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006.) first produced in 2006 from mouse cells and in 2007 from human cells WHAT ARE iPSCs ? IPSCs, are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a non- pluripotent cell, typically an adult somatic cell, by inducing a 'forced' expression of certain genes. (Takahashi and Yamanaka, August 25, 2006.) But large number of factors are also required for pluripotency …. (Takahashi and Yamanaka,2006.) Myb, Kit, Gdf3, Esrrb 21 22 23 24 Ecat1 Dppa5(Esg1) Fbox15 Nanog Eras Dnmt31 Ecat8 Gdf3 Sox15 Dppa4 Dppa2 Fthl17 Sall4 Oct3/4 Sox2 Rex1 Utf1 Tcl1 Dppa3 Klf4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Symbol No.Įxogenous expression of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc and factors are essentially required. Stable expression of defined factors Twenty four candidate genes play pivotal roles in the maintenance of ES cell identity base on their hypothesis. Reprogrammed cells regain only some of the properties of pluripotent cell ![]() ![]() Treatment with the extract of the pluripotent cells Permeabilised cells are exposed to cell-free extract of pluripotent cells. Reprogramming of somatic cells to ES cells Somatic cell nuclear transfer Cell fusion Treatment with the extract of the pluripotent stem cells Stable expression of defined factors ( Cowan et al.,2005) ( Wilmut et al.,1997) (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006.) Įmbryonic Stem cells Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Unipotent James A Thomson made the use of plasmid for pluripotency induction 26 march 2009. Sommer used a single lentivirus for all the genes required pluripotency in 2008 Yomiuri Shimbun has created the mouse kidney by the use of iPS cells 10 march,2009. Yang Chao showed that p53 siRNA and UTF1 enhances the efficiency of pluripotency, in Nov.2008. Alexender Meissner showed that induction of pluripotency is a slow and gradual process, 2008. Second generated in mice in 2006 by same group. History First generated by Shinya Yamanaka et al. To avoid this problem artificially induced pluripotent stem cells came in picture, which can be created from normal somatic cells by the ectopic expression of some genes which are responsible for the pluripotency. For the treatment of many genetic diseases Human embryonic stem cells can be used, But due to some ethics we can’t use embryo for this purpose. Introduction Most of the cells of a multicellular organism become more and more restricted to specific cell lineages. (F), KUK.Ĭontents Introduction History Reprogramming of somatic cells What are iPSCs Genes responsible Production first generation Second generation Human iPSCs Complications Identity to natural pluripotent stem cells Applications Conclusions References INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Presented by: VIDUR BHATIA M. ![]()
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